Intervista a Fisseha Tessema – Development Finance Expert Washington, DC
Molte delle forniture di materiali per il settore agricolo o sanitario – nei Paesi in via di sviluppo – provengono da fondi gestiti dalla Banca Mondiale: quali sono le logiche di approvvigionamento utilizzate? O meglio, esistono criteri ESG nella scelta dei fornitori ONU o il prezzo è ancora la variabile dominante?
Le logiche di approvvigionamento sono molto diverse a seconda dello strumento finanziario. Esistono strumenti di investimento (a lungo termine, 4/7 anni) molto potenti, in cui noi proponiamo idee, sviluppiamo obiettivi per il progetto, li scomponiamo in attività progettuali e poi il governo beneficiario elabora un piano di lavoro per il loro sviluppo. Una volta pronto, otteniamo un elenco di attività, un budget e una tempistica. Poi i governi discutono l’intero pacchetto e lo approvano. Gli acquisti devono poi essere in linea con lo scopo del progetto, poi la qualità dei materiali è il secondo criterio di valutazione (che di solito conta per il 70% del processo decisionale), quindi il prezzo (che conta per il 30%). Infine, ma non meno importante, tutti i beni acquistati devono avere uno strumento di gestione del rischio sociale e ambientale. Quest’ultimo criterio è una variabile Sì/No, senza percentuale di valenza, il che significa che se il bene non ha un’analisi del rischio ambientale né uno strumento di mitigazione del rischio socio-ambientale, allora non può essere acquistato dalla Banca Mondiale.
La percezione dell’importanza della sostenibilità ambientale in Africa non è affatto prioritaria nei segmenti medi e bassi della popolazione nel determinare le loro scelte di consumo. Questo fatto deve preoccuparci o è solo una questione di tempo? E se sì, quanto tempo potrebbe essere necessario per invertire la tendenza?
La povertà è il peggior nemico dell’ambiente e della giustizia sociale. Quando le persone diventano sempre più povere, attaccano il resto dell’ecosistema. È quello che è successo, ad esempio, con le dinamiche di deforestazione. Tuttavia, la chiave per evitare tutto questo è saltare il classico percorso di crescita (ad alta intensità di capitale) seguito da altri Paesi e raggiungere finalmente un livello di consumo più sostenibile. Ovviamente, il processo non è facile, poiché i politici spesso danneggiano il sistema iniettando corruzione e diminuendo i fondi per l’adozione di soluzioni più verdi. Tuttavia, la classe media africana ha bisogno di fare un salto di qualità e questa non è solo un’ambizione teorica: in Ruanda, per esempio, sta accadendo. È il Paese che cresce più rapidamente in Africa e anche il più green. Ovviamente, non è necessario fare il copia-incolla di ciò che ha fatto il Ruanda, perché tutti i Paesi sono molto diversi e devono trovare la propria strada. Il capitale più grande dell’Africa è il capitale naturale, che permette a questi Paesi di crescere. Se ciò non avviene è una questione di governance.
I fondi per l’innovazione a disposizione dei Paesi in via di sviluppo intercettano per lo più innovazioni pronte per essere scalate e gestite da grandi aziende: esiste un modo per collegare gli scopi della Banca Mondiale alle centinaia di piccoli innovatori che hanno prodotti che funzionano ma non hanno ancora una struttura commerciale e logistica matura?
Ciò è legato al modo in cui gli strumenti finanziari sono concepiti. Alcuni sono destinati agli innovatori su piccola scala. L’unico problema è che i fondi sono limitati, ma la volontà c’è. La prevalenza di grandi fondi per grandi beneficiari è legata al modo in cui il denaro viene messo in circolazione.
I fondi a disposizione delle agenzie ONU e dei donatori tradizionali sembrano essere sempre meno: è in atto una crisi dell’aiuto multilaterale allo sviluppo (riflesso della diminuzione dei contributi dei governi) o l’aiuto internazionale sta cambiando? In caso affermativo, come si svilupperanno nei prossimi anni gli interventi finanziari a sostegno dei Paesi in via di sviluppo?
A mio avviso è il concetto di multilateralismo a essere in crisi. Perché? In molti Paesi crescono i movimenti nazionalisti e cresce anche la violenza (guerre, fragilità degli Stati). Basti pensare all’Ucraina. La fiducia della gente nel multilateralismo sta diminuendo a causa di ciò. Di conseguenza, quando questo concetto è in crisi, anche le organizzazioni che vi si basano sono in difficoltà. È interessante notare che le disponibilità finanziarie complessive per gli aiuti sono diminuite, ma le responsabilità degli attori internazionali sono cresciute, questo perché ci sono meno attori rispetto al passato. Infine, ci sono sempre più priorità in competizione tra loro: la crisi ucraina sta divorando i fondi destinati ad altre necessità. Quindi, purtroppo, sì, l’intero sistema è in crisi.
Se avesse un margine di manovra illimitato e nessun problema di budget, cosa farebbe per contribuire a risolvere i 3 principali problemi/emergenze legati al cambiamento climatico?
Se non avessi problemi finanziari e politici, completerei la transizione energetica, allontanando tutte le economie dai combustibili fossili. Poi espanderei le aree forestali diminuendo la deforestazione. Infine, mi concentrerei sulla gestione sostenibile dell’acqua …. di oceani, fiumi e acque sotterranee.
Potrebbe consigliarci un libro e un film che ci aiutino a capire meglio il suo lavoro e l’importanza dello sviluppo internazionale?
Consiglio il documentario della BBC “Hope in a changing climate – La speranza in un clima che cambia” di John Liu, incentrato sulla gestione del paesaggio. Il ripristino delle foreste è possibile: è nel nostro potere e nella nostra autorità. Per esempio, l’Unione Europea ha recentemente approvato una legge che prevede che ogni Paese dell’UE ripristini il 20/30% del proprio territorio.
Come libro suggerirei “Poor Economics” di Abhijit V. Banerjee e Esther Duflo perché è un’esplorazione della lotta alla povertà globale basata su dati concreti.
NB: le interviste qui riportate non fanno parte di servizi commerciali a pagamento. Esse hanno il solo scopo di condividere idee, progetti e riflessioni tra gli iscritti alla newsletter De-LAB.
21 Comments
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